In ancient Persian writings, the words "tarjuman" and "tarjomeh" have been pronounced in various ways, and lexicographers have carved out roots for these two terms. In this issue of "Writingd," nine articles by Ignace J. Gelb are translated, exploring the roots and meanings of the word "tarjuman" in the ancient languages of Sumerian and Akkadian, shedding light on the various forms of this word in its contextual usage during the ancient Near East.